Olbrycht Karmanowski, a minor poet, employed it in the poem O śmierci ( On Death). The Baroque Īt the beginning of the Baroque, Kasper Miaskowski employed the Sapphic stanza in some poems. Tobiasz Wiszniowski, who wrote his own sequence of Laments, employed Sapphic stanza in Tren XVII (Lament XVII ). The whole poem is 471 stanzas long and probably no other work can be compared to it. Heaven and earth, the sea and all living beings, Jan Kochanowski used this Sapphic stanza several times in his Cantos, Laments, and Psalms. The classic Polish Sapphic stanza was thus 11(5+6) / 11(5+6) / 11(5+6) / 5, typically rhymed AABB. Jan Kochanowski, the most prominent of a family of poets, wrote lyrical poems, often in imitation of Horace. As in other European literatures, Polish poets often looked to Greek and Roman literature as a model. Many authors wrote in Latin, while some tried to create a modern Polish literary language. Polish poets of the time were well educated, mainly in Italy, knew Latin and sometimes Greek, and worked hard on building a new Polish literature. The Renaissance was the epoch when Polish literature became a great one. Pentasyllables occur in Polish poetry either in a long series of corresponding lines, or in combination with other metrical lines. The hendecasyllable (with caesura after the fifth syllable) is very common in Polish poetry, and the pentasyllable is so typical for Polish verse that Karol Wiktor Zawodziński gave it the name of polonik. O = any syllable S = stressed syllable s = unstressed syllable | = caesura Syllabic Polish Hendecasyllable: o o o S s | o o o o S s Quantitative Lesser Sapphic: – u – x – u u – u – – A syllabic hendecasyllable 11(5+6) took the place of the quantitative lesser sapphic likewise with the adonic. But Polish syllabic lines were available. Nor was there accentual-syllabic versification, save some attempts by Jan Kochanowski. In Polish there was no quantitative verse, as phonemic quantity itself was extinct. – = long syllable u = short syllable x = anceps: either long or short Horace's Sapphic stanza comprised three "lesser sapphics" and an "adonic": The stanza comes from classical Greece, but it was the Romans, especially Horace, who provided the chief models for Renaissance poets. The importance of the Sapphic stanza for Polish literature lies not only in its frequent use, but also in the fact that it formed the basis of many new strophes, built up of hendecasyllables (11-syllable lines) and pentasyllables (5-syllable lines). It was introduced during the Renaissance, and since has been used frequently by many prominent poets. The Sapphic stanza is the only stanzaic form adapted from Greek and Latin poetry to be used widely in Polish literature. Adaptation of the Sapphic stanza for the Polish language
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